Descriptions Apoptosis is a genetically controlled mechanism of cell death involved in the regulation of tissue homeostasis. The 2 major pathways of apoptosis are the extrinsic (Fas and other TNFR superfamily members and ligands) and the intrinsic (mitochondria-associated) pathways, both of which are found in the cytoplasm. The extrinsic pathway is triggered by death receptor engagement, which initiates a signaling cascade mediated by caspase-8 activation. Caspase-8 both feeds directly into caspase-3 activation and stimulates the release of cytochrome c by the mitochondria. Caspase-3 activation leads to the degradation of cellular proteins necessary to maintain cell survival and integrity. The intrinsic pathway occurs when various apoptotic stimuli trigger the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria (independently of caspase-8 activation). Cytochrome c interacts with Apaf-1 and caspase-9 to promote the activation of caspase-3. Recent studies point to the ER as a third subcellular compartment implicated in apoptotic execution. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis and accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER cause ER stress. Prolonged ER stress can result in the activation of BAD and/or caspase-12, and execute apoptosis. Gene List (88 genes)
ABL1;AIFM1; AKT1; AKT2; AKT3; APAF1; ATM; BAD; BAX; BCL2; BCL2L1; BID; BIRC2; BIRC3; CAPN1; CAPN2; CASP10; CASP3; CASP6; CASP7; CASP8; CASP9; CFLAR; CHP; CHP2; CHUK; CSF2RB; CYCS; DFFA; DFFB; ENDOD1; ENDOG; EXOG; FADD; FAS; FASLG; IKBKB; IKBKG; IL1A; IL1B; IL1R1; IL1RAP; IL3; IL3RA; IRAK1; IRAK2; IRAK3; IRAK4; MAP3K14; MYD88; NFKB1; NFKBIA; NGF; NTRK1; PIK3CA; PIK3CB; PIK3CD; PIK3CG; PIK3R1; PIK3R2; PIK3R3; PIK3R5; PPP3CA; PPP3CB; PPP3CC; PPP3R1; PPP3R2; PRKACA; PRKACB; PRKACG; PRKAR1A; PRKAR1B; PRKAR2A; PRKAR2B; PRKX; RELA; RIPK1; TNF; TNFRSF10A; TNFRSF10B; TNFRSF10C; TNFRSF10D; TNFRSF1A; TNFSF10; TP53; TRADD; TRAF2; XIAP
Reaction conditions
To achieve accurate quantification, it is highly recommended to do replicates. Also it is important to reduce pipetting error. |
